Epobis is a synthetic, dendrimeric peptide derived from the sequence of human erythropoietin (EPO), specifically corresponding to amino acids 63-80 of the EPO protein. This peptide binds to the EPO receptor with an apparent K_D of approximately 60 nM, activating downstream signaling pathways, including STAT5 transcription factor activation. Epobis demonstrates neuroprotective properties by promoting neuritogenesis and enhancing neuronal survival in vitro across various neuronal cell types, including cerebellar granule neurons, hippocampal neurons, and primary motoneurons.

In addition to its neuroprotective effects, Epobis exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by reducing tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion from activated macrophages and microglia. The peptide is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, as evidenced by its detection in cerebrospinal fluid following systemic administration. Notably, Epobis retains the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of EPO but lacks erythropoietic activity, making it a promising candidate for studying EPO receptor-mediated signaling in neural systems.

• Dmytriyeva O, Pankratova S, Korshunova I, Walmod PS. Epobis is a Nonerythropoietic and Neuroprotective Agonist of the Erythropoietin Receptor with Anti-Inflammatory and Memory Enhancing Effects. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:1346390. doi: 10.1155/2016/1346390. Epub 2016 Nov 21. PMID: 27990061; PMCID: PMC5136666.

三氟乙酸（Trifluoroacetic acid，简称 TFA）是高效液相色谱（简称 HPLC）纯化过程中常用的反离子。TFA 的存在可能会对肽的净重量、外观及溶解度产生影响，具体如下：

对净重量的影响：TFA 盐会增加产物的总质量。在大多数情况下，肽的含量占总重量的 80% 以上，剩余部分则为 TFA。

对溶解度的影响：TFA 盐通常能提高肽在水溶液中的溶解度。

在生物检测中的影响：对于大多数标准的体外检测，残留的 TFA 水平一般不会造成干扰。但需注意，在高灵敏度的细胞研究或生化研究中，需关注其存在可能带来的影响。

干品多肽的重量中不仅仅包含多肽，还包含有一些非肽的组份，如水、被吸收的溶剂、配位离子和盐等。肽的净含量是指肽在其中的重量百分比，这个百分比的数值范围很大，可能从50%到90%，取决于纯度、序列以及合成和纯化的方法，不要将肽的净含量和肽的纯度混为一谈，他们是两个完全不同的概念。纯度通常是通过HPLC测定的。纯度定义的是多肽样品中含正确序列的组分的百分比，而肽的净含量是指样品中肽类物质相对于总物质所占的百分比，肽的净含量通常是氨基酸组分分析或紫外分光法测定的，这个信息主要是在一些对肽的浓度很敏感的实验中，对计算肽的浓度是很重要的。